DES Research: Emphasis on Reproduction, Sexuality, Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation (Published literature)

Overview

In my extensive work with documenting the health and life experiences of nearly 1000 members of my DES Sons research network between 1999 and 2020 (as described in my report on DES and Human Health Effects: Emphasis on Gender and Sexuality (2020), several issues of sexuality, sexual health, gender identity, reproductive and sexual disorders became prominent. I have held long-standing interest in these topics, and I have been moved to review a very broad scope of scientific literature that gives context to my research investigation and preliminary findings.

What follows is a directory of recommend reading for others who have a similar interest or curiosity. This is very much an active area of my continuing research investigation, and as such will continue to expand as I identify fresh research that is related to “the prenatal hormonal influence on human sexuality and gender identity.”

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Journal References 1973-2023

2000-2023

• Sexual Differentiation of the Human Brain in Relation to Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (2022), by D.F. Swaab, Samantha Wolff, & A. M. Bao, text publication from the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (abstract)
  
  
• Psychological and Biological Influences on Gender Roles (2022), by Laura Erickson-Schroth, published in the textbook Neuroscience in the 21st Century (Eds, Donald W. Pfaff, Nora D. Volkow, & John L. Rubenstein
  

• A Short Review of Biological Research on the Development of Sexual Orientation (2020), by Anthony F. Bogaert & Malvina N. Skorska, published in the journal Hormones and Behavior (full-text)
  
  
• Neuroendocrine Influences on Human Sexuality (2019), by Ashlyn Swift-Galant & S. Marc Breedlove, published in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (abstract only)
  
  
• Neurobiology of Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation (2019), by C.E. Roselli, published in the Journal of Neuroendocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Transgender Associations and Possible Etiology: A Literature Review (2017), by Fatima Saleem & Syed W. Rizvi, published in the journal Cureus (full-text)
  
  
• The Epidemiologic Evidence Linking Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals with Male Reproductive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2016), by Jens Peter Bonde, et. al, published in the journal Human Reproduction Update (full-text)
  
  
• How Early Hormones Shape Gender Development (2016), by Sheri Berenbaum & Adriene M. Beltz, published in the journal Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences (partial text only)
  
  
• Sexual Differentiation of the Human Brain: Relation to Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (2011), by Ai-Min Bao & Dick Swaab, published in the journal Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Minireview: Hormones and Human Sexual Orientation (2011), by Jacques Balthazart, published in the journal Endocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Sexual Hormones and the Brain: An Essential Alliance for Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation (2010), by A. Garcia-Falgueras & D.F. Swaab, published in the journal Pediatric Neurology (abstract only)
  
  
• Clinical Implications of the Organizational and Activational Effects of Hormones (2009), by Milton Diamond, et. al, published in the journal Hormones and Behavior (full-text)
  
  
• Urogenital Abnormalities in Men Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in utero: A Cohort Study (2009), by Julie R. Palmer, et. al, published in the journal Environmental Health (full-text)
  
  
• Estrogen Imprinting: When your Epigenetic Memories Come Back to Haunt You (2008), by Gail S. Prins, published in the journal Endocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior (2007), by Dick F. Swaab, published in the journal Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (abstract only)
  
  
• Atypical Gender Development–A Review (2006), by the Gender Identity Research and Education Society (GIRES), published in the International Journal of Transgenderism (full-text)
  
  
• Male Reproductive Disorders in Humans and Prenatal Indicators of Estrogen Exposure: A Review of Published Epidemiological Studies (2006), by Lone Storgaard, et. al, published in the journal Reproductive Toxicology (full-text)
  
  
• Estrogen Effects on Fetal and Neonatal Testicular Development (2006), by Geraldine Delbes, et. al, published in the journal Reproduction (full-text)
  
  
• The Neurodevelopment of Human Sexual Orientation (2005), by Qazi Rahman, published in the journal Neuscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (full-text)
  
  
• Prenatal Sex Hormone Effects on Child and Adult Sex-Typed Behavior: Methods and Findings (2005), by Celina CC Cohen-Bendahan, et. al, published in the journal Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (full-text)
  
  
• Are EDCs Blurring Issues of Gender? (2005), by Ernie Hood, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives (fulltext)
  
  
• A Psycho-Endocrinological Overview of Transsexualism (2003), by Aude Michel, et. al, published in the European Journal of Endocrinology (abstract only)
  
  
• Psychosexual Characteristics of Men and Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (2003), by Linda Titus-Ernstoff, et. al, published in the journal Epidemiology (abstract only)
  
  
• Environmental Endocrine Disrupters and Disorders of Sexual Differentiation (2002), by Jorma Toppari, published in the journal Seminars in Reproductive Medicine (abstract only)
  
  
• The ‘Oestrogen Hypothesis’–Where do we stand now? (2003), by Richard M. Sharpe, published in the International Journal of Andrology (full-text)
  
  
• Environmental Xenoestrogens, Anti-androgens, and Disorders of Male Sexual Differentiation (2001), by Charles Sultan, et. al, published in the journal Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (full-text)
  
  
  1973-2000
  
  
• Prenatal Estrogens and the Development of Homosexual Behavior (1995), by HFL Meyer-Bahlburg & AA Ehrhardt, published in the journal Developmental Psychology (full-text)
  
  
• Do Environmental Estrogens Contribute to the Decline in Male Reproductive Health? (1995), by T K Jensen, et. al, published in the journal Clinical Chemistry (abstract only)
  
  
• Gender-related Behavior in Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (1993), by R. R. Newbold, published in the journal Environmental Health
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Childhood Play Behavior and Adult Gender-role Behavior in Women (1992), by Jennifer D. Lish, et. al, published in the journal Archives of Sexual Behavior
  
  
• Hormonal Contributions to Sexually Dimorphic Behavioral Development in Humans (1991), by June Machover Reinisch, et. al, published in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology (abstract only)
  
  
• Gender-related Behavior Development in Females Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in Utero: An Attempted Replication (1991), by Jennifer D. Lish, et. al, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (abstract only)
  
  
• The Development of Gender-related Behavior in Females Following Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (1989), by Anke A. Ehrhardt, et. al, published in the journal Hormones and Behavior (abstract only)
  
  
• Sexual Orientation after Prenatal Exposure to Exogenous Estrogen (1985), by Anke A. Ehrhardt, et. al, published in the journal Archives of Sexual Behavior (abstract only)
  
  
• Sexual Activity Level and Sexual Functioning in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (1985), by H F L Meyer-Bahlburg, et. al, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Gonadal Steroidal Influences on Gender-related Behavior (1984), by JM Reinisch & SA Sanders, published in the journal Progress in Brain Research (abstract only)
  
  
• Psychoendocrine Research on Sexual Orientation: Current Status and Future Options (1984), by Heino F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg, published in the journal Progress in Brain Research (abstract)
  
  
• Estrogen Exposure During Gestation and Risk of Testicular Cancer (1983), by Robert H. Depue, et. al, published in the JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute (abstract only)
  
  
• Effects of Prenatal Sex Hormones on Gender-related Behavior (1981), by Anke Ehrhardt & H. Meyer-Bahlburg, published in the journal Science (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal ‘Female Hormone’ Administration and Pschosexual Development in Human Males (1980), by Patricia Kester, et al, published in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology (abstract only)
  
  
• The Effects of Exogenous Female Hormones on the Fetus (1979), by S Shapiro & D. Slone, published in the journal Epidemiologic Reviews (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Female Hormones: Effect on Psychosexual Development in Boys (1973), by Irvin D. Yalom, et. al, published in the Archives of General Psychiatry (abstract only)
  

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