DES Mothers and Daughters: Research Trends 1970s to 2026

March 2026 Update

From the DES International Information and Research Network
grad-mentor.com/des-research

Overview

Since the publication in 1970 by Dr. Arthur Herbst documenting vaginal cancer among women exposed prenatally to the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) (see Herbst, “Adenocarcimona of the Vagina: Association of Maternal Stilbestrol Therapy with Tumor Appearance in Young Women (1971), published in the New England Journal of Medicine), an extensive body of investigative research has been published revealing the widening scope of reported adverse health effects for DES daughters (i.e. women exposed prenatally to DES) as well as their mothers who were prescribed DES.

This site documents links to published research emphasizing DES Daughters and Mothers, including related studies focusing on endocrine disruption and female reproductive health that was published between 1990 and 2024, with references to historical literature published as early as the late 1930s.

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Major topics addressed in published research include:

• Cancers, especially risk of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix, squamous cell neoplasia of the genital tract, breast cancer, ovarian cancer
  
• A separate guide to breast cancer research among DES-exposed women is also available
  
• Structural changes of the genital tract including T-shaped uterus with a small cavity, T-shaped uterus with a constriction ring, and constriction rings alone; abnormalities of the uterine corpus and fallopian tube; cervical ectropion
  
• Vaginal and cervical adenosis
  
• Endometriosis and infertility
  
• Cardiovascular effects, including coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction
  
• Pancreatic disorders and pancreatitis
  
• Early natural menopause
  
• Increased risk of stillbirth
  
• Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
  
• Slightly increased risk of obesity
  
• Higher risk of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy
  
• Reproductive tract abnormalities, including menstrual irregularities and urinary tract irregularities
  
• Pap smear screening practices and rates among DES Daughters
  
• Autoimmune disease
  
• Slight increase in diabetes and cardiovascular disease
  
• Mental health effects, especially depression and neurobehavioral effects
  
• Psychosexual/gender identity outcomes
  
• Other reported adverse effects that may have been noted in individual medical case studies
  
• Historical survey research with DES-exposed populations of mothers and daughters (e.g. National Cancer Institute)
  
• Multigenerational effects in DES Granddaughters are further documented on a separate page at grad-mentor.com/research-des-generations
  
  ____________________________________________
  
  Journal References 1970-2026*
  
  [* Note regarding the timeline of research publications: Initial research about the human health effects of exposure to diethylstilbestrol began as early as the 1950s and significantly evolved during the 1970s and 1980s. Most publications from the 1990s and forward cite the studies from those early years where considered relevant.]
  
  A comprehensive guide to the full directory of DES-related publications on all topics is available at Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Multigenerational Research Trends 1939-2026.
  
  2019-2026
  
• * {NEW} Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and risk of benign breast disease: The National Cancer Institute Diethylstilbestrol Follow-up Study (2026), by Paloma R. Mitra, et al., published in the International Journal of Cancer
  
  
• * {NEW} Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: Balancing risks and benefits (2026), by Rishitha Bollam, et al., published in the journal Maturitas
  
  
• * {NEW} New Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines From the US Department of Health and Human Services: Strengthening Women’s Preventive Health (2026), published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network
  
  
• * {NEW} Updates in cervical cancer screening: a practical guide for the internist (2026), by Author links open overlay panel, by Joy Bulger Beck MD, MS, FACP & Anna M. Morenz MD, MPH, published in The American Journal of Medicine
  
  
• * {NEW} An in utero exposure to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol affects the fat pad composition in post-natal mammary glands (2026), by David Tovar-Parra, et al., published in Toxicological Sciences
  
  
• * {NEW} Clear cell carcinoma of cervix and vagina: A review of 63 cases in the post-DES era (2026) by Reem Saab, et al., published in Gynecologic Oncology
  

• * {NEW} Vaginal Adenocarcinoma: A Review of a Rare Gynecologic Cancer (2025), by Mun-Kun Hong  and Dah-Ching Ding, published in the journal Cancers
  
  
• * {NEW} Cancer Risk After in utero Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (2025), by Naomi B. Boekel, et al., published in the European Journal of Epidemiology
  
  
• {NEW} A Narrative Review Regarding Implication of Ovarian Endometriomas in Infertility (2025), by Constantin-Cristian Văduva, et al., published in the journal Life
  
  
• {NEW} Chemistry and Health: A Multidimensional Approach (2025), by Dr. Alcione Silva de Carvalho, et al., published in Sustainable Chemistry
  
  
• Benign and Malignant Outcomes in the Offspring of Females Exposed In Utero to Diethylstilbestrol (DES): An Update from the NCI Third Generation Study (2024), by Linda Titus, et al., published in the journal Cancers (full-text)
  
  
• ASCCP Clinical Consensus: Screening Recommendations for Clear Cell Adenocarcinomas in People Exposed to DES In Utero (2024), by Jenna Z. Marcus, et.al., published in Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease (full-text)
  
  
• An Update on Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Lower Genital Tract. (2024), by Rebecca Troisi, et al., published in the journal Obstetrics and Gynecology (abstract)
  
  
• Endocrine Disruptors: Unravelling the Link between Chemical Exposure and Women’s Reproductive Health (2024), by Saqib Hassan, et al., published in the journal Environmental Research
  
  
• ‘We Never Talked About It at Home’: Diethylstilbestrol, Impacted Families and the (De)construction of Ignorance from Below (Belgium, 1970s–Present) (2024), by Antje Van Kerckhove & Tinne Claes, published in the journal Social History of Medicine (full-text)
  
  
• The Adverse Role of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Reproductive System (2024), by Jing Pan, et al., published in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology
  
  
• Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of Cervical Clear Cell Carcinoma in Patients not Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol: A Comprehensive Analysis of 49 Cases (2024), by Jing Zeng, et al., published in Frontiers in Oncology
  
  
• Late Cervical and Vaginal Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma in Women Exposed in utero to Diethylstilbestrol: Evaluation and Screening (October 2023), by Michel Tournaire, et al., published in the Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction (full-text)
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol has Long-Lasting, Transgenerational Impacts on Fertility and Reproductive Development (July 2023), by Rachael E. Rogers, et al., published in the journal Toxicological Sciences (full-text)
  
  
• In utero Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol and Blood DNA Methylation in Adult Women: Results from a Meta-Analysis of Two Cohort Studies (2023), by Clara Bodelon, et al., published in the journal Environmental Research (abstract only)
  
  
• Postmenopausal Vaginal and Cervical Cancer Risk Related to in utero Diethylstilbestrol Exposure (2023), by B W Wamakima, et. al, published in the Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease (abstract only)
  
  
• Birth Outcomes in DES Children and Grandchildren: A Multigenerational National Cohort Study on Informative Families, by Laura Gaspari, et al., published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (full-text)
  
  
• Public Concerns about Cervical Cancer: Outbreak, Types, Risk factors, Etiology, Stages, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment (2023), by Rezaul Islam, et al., published in the journal Annals of Medicine & Surgery (abstract only)
  
  
• Chapter 3.1.4 – A good start lasts a lifetime: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their impact on embryonic and fetal development (2023), by Laura N. Vandenberg & Klara Matouskova, published in the book Environmental Contaminants and Endocrine Health (Oliana Carnevali and Gary Hardiman, eds)
  
  
• Trends of Ovarian Cancer Incidence by Histotype and Race/Ethnicity in the United States 1992–2019 (2023), by Minh Tun Phung, et al., published in the journal Cancer Research Communications (full-text)
  
  
• Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix (2023), by Julia R. Salinaro, et al., published in the journal Topics in Obstetrics & Gynecology (full-text)
  
  
• Endometriosis: Update of Pathophysiology, (Epi) Genetic and Environmental Involvement (2023), by Nicolas Monnin, published in the journal Biomedicines (full-text)
  
  
• Environmental Impact on Female Fertility and Pregnancy (2023), by Anastasia-Konstantina Sakali, et. al, published in the textbook Environmental Endocrinology and Endocrine Disruptors (eds: Rosario Pivonello & Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis)
  
  
• In Utero Exposure to Hormonal Contraception and Mortality in Offspring with and without Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study (2023), by Lina Steinrud Morch, et al., published in the journal Cancers (full-text), special issue on Gynecologic Oncology: Prevention, Screening and Treatment Innovations
  
  
• {NEW} Trends of Ovarian Cancer Incidence by Histotype and Race/Ethnicity in the United States 1992–2019 (2023), by Minh Tung Phung, et al., published in Cancer Research Communications (full-text)
  
  
• A Complete Durable Response of Vaginal Clear Cell Carcinoma with Pembrolizumab: A Case Report (2023), by Hector S. Porragas-Paseiro, et. al, published in the journal Gynecologic Oncology Reports (full-text)
  
  
• Chapter 16–Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Vagina and Cervix (2023), by Katherine C. Kurnit, et al., published from the textbook Diagnosis and Treatment of Rare Gynecologic Cancers (pp. 265-276)
  
  
• Mesonephric-like Adenocarcinoma Arising from Endometrioid Adenofibroma in a Patient with in-utero Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (2023), by Jillian Linck & Wanda Torres, published in the journal Case Reports in Women’s Health (full-text)
  
  
• Like Mother, Like Daughter, Like Granddaughter… Transgenerational Ignorance Engendered by a Defective Reproductive Health Technology (2022), by Emmanuelle Fillion & Didier Torny, published in the journal Reproductive Medicine & Society Online
  
  
• ** Risk of Clear-cell Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina and Cervix among U.S. Women with Potential Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol in utero (2022), by Mary C. White, et. al, published in the journal Cancer Causes & Control (abstract only)
  
  
• Killing Two Birds with One Stone: Pregnancy is a Sensitive Window for Endocrine Effects on Both the Mother and the Fetus (2022), by Isabelle Plante, et al., published in the journal Environmental Research (full-text)
  
  
• The Potential Relationship Between Environmental Endocrine Disruptor Exposure and the Development of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis (2022), by Victoria Stephens, et al., published in the journal Frontiers in Physiology
  
  
• Endometriosis and Environmental Factors: A Critical Review (2022), by Eléna Coiplet, et al., published in the Journal of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Human Reproduction
  
  
• Association of in utero Exposures with Risk of Early Natural Menopause (2022), by Christine R. Langton, et. al, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (Full-text)
  
  
• Outcome and Follow-up of Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposed Individuals (2022), by Elizabeth Hatch & Amer Karam, published and reproduced in the reference guide UpToDate (abstract only)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure and Cancer (2021), published summary from the National Cancer Institute (full-text with links)
  
  
• The NCI Combined DES Cohorts Follow-up Study (2021), from the National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics (full-text)
  
  
• A Rare Case of Clear Cell Cervical Carcinoma to a Woman, 50 Years After Diethylstilbestrol Exposure for Lactation Suppression (2021), by Konstantinos Palailogos, et. al, published in the journal Cureus (full-text)
  
  
• Screening for Cancers of the Cervix and Vagina for Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero (2021), by Michael Tournaire, et al, published in the Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction (full-text)
  
  
• Are the Effects of DES Over? A Tragic Lesson from the Past (2021) by Pilar Zamora-Leon, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (f-t)
  
  
• Cancer of the Vagina: 2021 Update (2021), by Tracey S. Adams, et al., published in the International Journal of of Gynecology & Obstetrics (full-text)
  
  
• Multigenerational Endometriosis: Consequence of Fetal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol? (2021) by Laura Gaspari, et. al, published in the journal Environmental Health (full-text)
  
  
• The Evolutionary Biology of Endometriosis (2021), by Natalie Dinsdale, et al., published in the journal Evolution, Medicine, & Public Health (full-text)
  
  
• Praegnatio Perturbatio—Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (2021), by Vasantha Padmanabhan, et al., published in the journal Endocrine Reviews (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Risk of Diabetes, Gallbladder Disease, and Pancreatic Disorders and Malignancies (2020), by Rebecca Troisi, et. al, published in the Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (full-text)
  
  
• Genital tract and reproductive characteristics in daughters of women and men prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) (2020), by Anne Wautier, et al., published in the journal Therapies
  
  
• Definition, Prevalence, Clinical Relevance and Treatment of T-Shaped Uterus: Systematic Review (2020), by M. A. Coelho Neto, et. al, published in the journal Ultrasound in Obtetrics & Gynecology
  
  
• Early-life Factors, in-utero Exposures and Endometriosis Risk: A Meta-analysis (2020), by Jessica Ottolina, et al., published in the journal Reproductive BioMedicine Online
  
  
• Early Life Factors for Endometriosis: A Systematic Review (2020), by Karolína Olšarová, published in the journal Human Reproduction Update
  
  
• Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Endometriosis (2020), by Jelonia T. Rumph, et al., from the textbook Animal Models for Endometriosis
  
  
• Gynecological Cancer among Adolescents and Young Adults (AYA) (2020), by Silvia Triarico, et al., published in The Annals of Translational Medicine (full-text)
  
  
• Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Identity in Women and Men Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (2020), by Rebecca Troisi, et. al, published in the journal Archives of Sexual Behavior (full-text)
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Cancer Risk in Women (2019), by Rebecca Troisi, et. al, published in the journal Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis (abstract)
  
  
• Case Report: POLE-Mutated Clear Cell Cervical Cancer Associated with in-utero Diethylstilbestrol Exposure (2019), by Elizabeth K. Lee, et. al, published in the journal Gynecologic Oncology Reports (2019), by Elizabeth K. Lee, et. al, published in the journal Gynecologic Oncology Reports (abstract only)
  
  
• Reproductive and Hormone-related Outcomes in Women whose Mothers were Exposed in utero to Diethylstilbestrol (DES): A Report from the US National Cancer Institute DES Third Generation Study (2019), by Linda Titus, et al., published in the journal Reproductive Toxicology (full-text)
  
  
• Cervical Adenocarcinomas: A Heterogeneous Group of Tumors With Variable Etiologies and Clinical Outcomes (2019), by Anjelica Hodgson, & Kay J. Park, published in The Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (full-text)
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Risk of Depression in Women and Men (2019), by Linda Titus, et. al, published in the journal Epidemiology (full-text)
  
  
• The Epigenetic Impacts of Endocrine Disruptors on Female Reproduction Across Generations (2019), by Saniya Rattan & Jodi Flaws, published in the journal Biology of Reproduction (full-text)
  
  
  2014-2018
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Mammographic Density (2018), by William C. Strohsnitter, et. al, published in the International Journal of Cancer (full-text)
  
  
• Estrogen Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women Exposed in utero to Diethylstilbestrol (2018), by Rebecca Troisi, et. al, published in the journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention (full-text)
  
  
• Follow-up of Patients with Clear-Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina and Cervix (2018), by Dezheng Huo, Diane Anderson, & Arthur L. Herbst, published in the New England Journal of Medicine (full-text)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol: Potential Health Risks for Women Exposed in utero and their Offspring (2017), published in the Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants/JAAPA (abstract only)
  
  
• Impact of Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) on Psychological Outcome: A National Survey of DES Daughters and Unexposed Controls (2017), by Helene Verdoux, et. al, published in the journal Archives of Women’s Mental Health (abstract only)
  
  
• Management of Pelvic Floor Disorder in a Diethylstilbestrol Daughter (2017), by Christopher Chung, et al., published in the Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings
  
  
• Risk of Cervical Intra-Epithelial Neoplasia and Invasive Cancer of the Cervix in DES Daughters (2017), by J. Verloop, et. al, published in the journal Gynecologic Oncology (full-text)
  
  
• Incidence Rates and Risks of Diethylstilbestrol-related Clear-cell Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina and Cervix: Update After 40-year Follow-up (2017), by Dezheng Huo, et. al, published in the journal Gynecologic Oncology (abstract only)
  
  
• Current Perspective of Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure in Mothers and Offspring (2017), by Taher Al Jishi & Consolato Sergi, published in the journal Reproductive Toxicology (partial text)
  
  
• A Prospective Cohort Study of Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease Risk (2017), by Rebecca Troisi, et. al, published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (full-text)
  
  
• Drugs and Medical Devices: Adverse Events and the Impact on Women’s Health (2017), by Jennifer L. Carey, et. al, published in the journal Clinical Therapeutics (full-text)
  
  
• Environmental Influences on Ovarian Dysgenesis — Developmental Windows Sensitive to Chemical Exposures (2017), by Hanna Katarina Lilith Johansson, et al., published in the journal Nature Reviews–Endocrinology (abstract)
  
  
• Potential Health Risks for Women Exposed in utero and their Offspring (2017), by J. Leocadia Conlon, published in the journal JAAPA (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and High-grade Squamous Cell Neoplasia of the Lower Genital Tract (2016), by Rebecca Troisi, et. al, published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (full-text)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Pregnancy Treatment: A Promising Widely Used Therapy with Unintended Adverse Consequences (2015), by Arthur L. Herbst, published in the AMA Journal of Ethics (full-text)
  
  
• Cancer Risk in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero (2015), by Michel Tournaire, et. al, published in the French journal Thérapie (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Risk of Obesity in Adult Women (2015), by E.E. Hatch, et. al, published in the Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Reproductive Hormones in Premenopausal Women (2015), by L.A. Wise, et. al, published in the Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (Abstract only)
  
  
• A Birth Cohort Analysis of the Incidence of Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix in the United States (2015), by Cairong Zhu, et al., published in the European Journal of Cancer Prevention (full-text)
  
  
• Factors Associated with a Lack of Pap Smear Utilization in Women Exposed in utero to Diethylstilbestrol (2015), by Elizabeth A. Camp, et al., published in the Journal of Women’s Health
  
  
• Early-life Factors and Endometriosis Risk (2015), by Kristen Upson, et al., published in the journal Fertility and Sterility (full-text)
  
  
• Menarche, Menopause, Years of Menstruation, and the Incidence of Osteoporosis: The Influence of Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (2014), by Samantha E. Parker, et. al, published in The Journal of Clinical Encocrinology & Metabolism (full-text)
  
  
• Maternal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol during Pregnancy and Increased Breast Cancer Risk in Daughters (2014), by Leena Hilakivi-Clarke, published in the journal Breast Cancer Research (full-text)
  
  
• Potential Carcinogens from Steroid Hormones and Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Chemical Relationships between Breast, Ovarian and Prostate Cancers (2014), by Albert H. Soloway, published in the Journal of Drug Metabolism & Toxicology (full-text)
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Risk of Uterine Leiomyomata in the Nurses’ Health Study II (2014), by Shruthi Mahalingaiah, et. al, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (full-text)
  
  
• DES Daughters in France: Experts’ Points of View on the Various Genital, Uterine and Obstetric Pathologies, and in utero DES Exposure (2014), by R. Clement, et. al, published in the journal Medicine, Science and the Law (Abstract only)
  
  
  2008-2013
  
  
• Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol during Sensitive Life Stages: A Legacy of Heritable Health Effects (2013), by Casey Reed & Suzanne E. Fenton, published in the journal Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today (full-text)
  
  
• Medical Conditions Among Adult Offspring Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (2013), by Rebecca Troisi, et. al, published in the journal Epidemiology (full-text)
  
  
• Breast Cancer Following Diethylstilbestrol Exposure in Utero: Insights from a Tragedy (2012), by Hans-Olov Adami, et. al, published in the European Journal of Epidemiology (abstract only)
  
  
• The Development of Cervical and Vaginal Adenosis as a Result of Diethylstilbestrol Exposure in utero (2012), by Monica M. Laronda, et. al, published in the journal Differentiation (abstract only)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol Exposure: Evaluation of the Doses Received in France (2012), by Michel Tournaire, et al., published in the European Journal of Epidemiology (abstract)
  
  
• Mammography Screening Behaviors of Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (2012), by Elizabeth A. Camp, et al., published in the Journal of Women’s Health (abstract)
  
  
• The Long-Term Effects of in utero Exposures–The DES Story (2011), by Annekathryn Goodman, John Schorge, & Michael F. Greene, published in the New England Journal of Medicine (full-text)
  
  
• Preterm Birth, Fetal Growth, and Age at Menarche Among Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (2011), by Elizabeth E. Hatch, et. al, published in the journal Reproductive Toxicology (full-text)
  
  
• Adverse Health Outcomes in Women Exposed in Utero to Diethylstilbestrol (2011), by Robert N. Hoover, et. al, published in the New England Journal of Medicine (full-text)
  
  
• Intrauterine Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Long-term Effects in Humans (2011), by S. H. Swan, published in the Journal of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (abstract only)
  
  
• Birth Defects in the Sons and Daughters of Women who were Exposed in utero to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (2010), by Linda Titus-Ernstoff, et. al, published in the International Journal of Andrology (full-text)
  
  
• Cancer Risk in DES Daughters (2010), by Janneke Verloop, et. al, published in the journal Cancer Causes & Control (full-text)
  
  
• Autoimmune Disease Incidence Among Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (2010), by William C. Strohsnitter, et. al, published in The Journal of Rheumatology (full-text)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol Exposure in utero and Depression in Women (2010), by Eilis O’ Reilly, et. al, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (abstract only)
  
  
• Breast Cancer Screening in Women Exposed in utero to Diethylstilbestrol (2009), by Elizabeth A. Camp, et. al, published in the Journal of Women’s Health (abstract only)
  
  
• Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Ovary Associated With In Utero Diethylstilbestrol Exposure: Case Report and Clinical Overview (2009), by Constantin A. Dasanu and Thomas J. Herzog, published in the Medscape Journal of Medicine (full-text)
  
  
• Cervical Screening and General Physical Examination Behaviors of Women Exposed in utero to Diethylstilbestrol (abstract only) (2008), by Elizabeth A. Camp, et. al, published in the Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (2008) by Retha R. Newbold, published in the journal Fertility and Sterility (full-text)
  
  
  2000-2007
  
  
• Cancer Risk in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (2007), by Rebecca Troisi, et. al, published in the International Journal of Cancer (full-text)
  
  
• Preeclampsia Risk in Women Exposed in Utero to Diethylstilbestrol (2007), by Rebecca Troisi, et. al, published in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology (abstract only)
  
  
• Antenatal Exposure to DES: Lessons Learned, Future Concerns (2007), by Mary M. Rubin, published in the journal Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey (abstract only)
  
  
• Age at Natural Menopause in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in utero (2006), by Elizabeth E. Hatch, et. al, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (full-text)
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Risk of Breast Cancer (2006), by Julie R. Palmer, et. al, published in the journal Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention (full-text)
  
  
• Mortality in Women Given Diethylstilbestrol during Pregnancy (2006), by Linda Titus-Ernstoff, et al., published in the British Journal of Cancer
  
  
• Menstrual and reproductive characteristics of women whose mothers were exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) (2006), by Linda Titus-Ernstoff, et al., published in the International Journal of Epidemiology (full-text)
  
  
• Management of Breast Cancer in Patients Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol: Are we Prepared? (2005), by MS Mano, et. al, published in the journal The Breast (abstract only)
  
  
• Obstetrical Outcome in 454 Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol During their Fetal Life: A Case-control Analysis (2005) by E Papiernik, et. al, published in the Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction (France) (abstract only)
  
  
• Risk of Benign Gynecologic Tumors in Relation to Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure (2005), by LA Wise, et. al, published in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology (abstract only)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Update: Recommendations for the Identification and Management of DES-exposed Individuals (2003), published in the Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health (full-text)
  
  
• Immunomodulatory Effects of Diethylstilbestrol During Prenatal and Adult Life (2003), by Jillian Beth Fenaux, unpublished Master’s degree thesis, Virginia Tech
  
  
• Risk of Breast Cancer in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in utero: Preliminary Results (United States) (2002), by Julie R. Palmer, et. al, published in the journal Cancer Causes & Control (abstract only)
  
  
• DES Exposure and the Aging Woman: Mothers and Daughters (2002), by CJ Laitman, published in the journal Current Women’s Health Reports (abstract)
  
  
• Infertility among Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (2001), by Julie R. Palmer, et. al, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (full-text)
  
  
• Incidence of Squamous Neoplasia of the Cervix and Vagina in Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (2001), by E. E. Hatch, et. al, published in the journal Cancer Causes & Control (abstract only)
  
  
• Altered Immune Response in Adult Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in utero (2001), by Louis Burke, et. al, published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (abstract only)
  
  
• Intrauterine Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Long-term Effects in Humans (2001), by S H Swan, published in the Journal of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology–APMIS (full-text)
  
  
• Long-term Cancer Risk in Women Given Diethylstilbestrol (DES) During Pregnancy (2001), by Linda Titus-Ernstoff, et al., published in the British Journal of Cancer (full-text)
  
  
• Risk Factors for Diethylstilbestrol-associated Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma (2000), by Julie Palmer, et al., published in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology (full-text)
  
  
• Continued Follow-up of Pregnancy Outcomes in Diethylstilbestrol-exposed Offspring (2000), by Raymond H. Kaufman, et. al, published in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology (abstract only)
  
  
• A Focus Group Study of DES Daughters: Implications for Health Care Providers (2000), by Suzanne S. Duke, et. al, published in the journal Psycho-Oncology (abstract only)
  
  
• Incidence of Squamous Neoplasia of the Cervix and Vagina in DES-exposed Daughters (2000), by EE Hatch, et al., published in Annals of Epidemiology (abstract)
  
  
• Language Lateralization and Handedness in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES), (2000), by Laurel L. Smith and Melissa Hines, published in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology
  
  
• Prevalence of Gynecologic Cancer in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero (2000), from the New England Journal of Medicine (full-text)
  
  
  1988-1999
  
  
• New Approaches for Estimating Risk from Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (1999), by Gerald R. Cunha, et. al, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives (full-text)
  
  
• Effect of Diethylstilbestrol on Reproductive Function (1999), by Jeffrey M. Goldberg & Tommaso Falcone, published in the journal Fertility and Sterility (full-text)
  
  
• Cancer Risk in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol In Utero (1998), by Elizabeth Hatch, et al., published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (full-text)
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Self-Reported Immune-related Diseases (1998), by AJJM Vingerhoets, et. al, published in the European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology (full-text)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol and Risk of Fatal Breast Cancer in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women (1996), by Eugenia E. Calle, et. al, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (full-text)
  
  
• Self-reported Allergy, Infection, and Autoimmune Diseases among Men and Women Exposed in utero to Diethylstilbestrol (1996), by Donna Day Baird, Allen Wilcox & Arthur L. Herbst, published in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (abstract only)
  
  
• Sexual Differentiation of Cognitive Abilities in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Prenatally (1996), by Melissa Hines & Eugene Sandberg, published in the journal Hormones and Behavior (abstract only)
  
  
• Gender-Identity, Body-Experience, Sexuality, and the Wish for Having Children in DES-Daughters (1996), by Marrie Bekker, et. al, published in the journal Women & Health (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol and the Mother-Daughter Relationship (1996), by F. Cahen, et al., published in European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology (abstract)
  
  
• Prenatal Estrogens and the Development of Homosexual Orientation (1995), by HFL Meyer-Bahlburg, et. al, published in the journal Developmental Psychology (abstract only)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol Revisited: A Review of the Long-term Health Effects (1995), by Ruthann Giusti, et. al, published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine (abstract only)
  
  
• Teratogen Update: Carcinogenesis and Teratogenesis Associated with Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero (1995), by Robert Mittendorf, published in the journal Teratology (abstract only)
  
  
• Effects on the Menstrual Cycle of in utero Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (1994), by Paige P. Hornsby, et. al, published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (abstract only)
  
  
• Gender-related Behavior in Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (1993), by R. R. Newbold, published in the journal Environmental Health
  
  
• Breast Cancer in Mothers Prescribed Diethylstilbestrol in Pregnancy: Further Follow-up (1993), by Theodore Colton, et. al, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Childhood Play Behavior and Adult Gender-role Behavior in Women (1992), by Jennifer D. Lish, et. al, published in the journal Archives of Sexual Behavior
  
  
• Menstrual Cycle Functioning in Women with a History of Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure (1991), by D. Schechter, et. al, published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology (full-text)
  
  
• Gender-related Behavior Development in Females Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in Utero: An Attempted Replication (1991), by Jennifer D. Lish, et. al, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (abstract only)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol, Teratogenesis, and Carcinogenesis: Medical/legal Implications of its Long-term Sequelae, including Third Generation Effects (1990), by Henry T. Lynch, et. al, published in the International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine (abstract only)
  
  
• Abortion and Pregnancy Loss Among Diethylstilbestrol-exposed Women (1989), by Arthur L. Herbst, Elizabeth K. Senekjian, & Keith W. Frey, published in the Journal of Reproductive Medicine (abstract only)
  
  
• Increased Incidence of Cervical and Vaginal Dysplasia in 3,980 Diethylstilbestrol-Exposed Young WomenExperience of the National Collaborative Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis Project (1984), by Stanley Robboy, et al., published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (full-text)
  
  
• Pregnancy Outcome in 98 Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol In Utero, Their Mothers, and Unexposed Siblings (1982), by CE Mangan, et al., published in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology (abstract)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol and Other Sex Hormones During Pregnancy (1982), by Arthur L. Herbst, published in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology
  
  
  Historical:
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol and the Risk of Cancer (1979), by L C Clark & K M Portier, published in the New England Journal of Medicine (abstract)
  
  
• Cancer Risk in Diethylstilbestrol-exposed Offspring (1976), by Richard F. Mattingly M.D. & Adolf Stafl M.D., Ph.D., published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (abstract)
  
  
• Adenocarcinoma of the vagina in adolescence. A report of 7 cases including 6 clear‐cell carcinomas (so‐called mesonephromas) (1970), by Arthur Herbst and Robert E. Scully, published in the journal Cancer