DES (Diethylstilbestrol) and Endocrine Disruptors: Research on Psychological, Psychiatric and Neurological Effects 1959-2025

August 2025 Comprehensive Update

Scott Kerlin, Ph.D., M.S.
DES International Information & Research Network
DES Research Overview: grad-mentor.com/des-research

Overview

Since the late 1970s, a growing amount of investigative and epidemiological research has been published in the United States and Europe which focuses on psychiatric, neurobehavioral and neurological, and psychological* issues among DES-exposed individuals. Research into the psychiatric effects of exposure to a variety of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has frequently included DES in its overview. This area of investigation continues to evolve as more research on multi-generational effects of DES exposure is documented, and additional relevant studies will be included in the future.

My full directory of DES and EDCs Multigenerational Research Publications 1939-2025 is available here.


Related Documented Effects in Published Literature on DES Daughters, Sons, and in DES Grandchildren:

— Anxiety
— Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
— Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
— Bipolar Disorders
— Depression, Mild and Severe
— Eating Disorders
— Epigenetic Effects
— Learning Disabilities
— Mood and Behavioral Disorders
— Neurological/Neurodevelopmental Disorders
— Psychosis
— Schizophrenia risk
— Sexuality Effects and Gender Identity Effects(Dysphoria) *
— Somatic Disorders
— Suicidality

* Additional references with my specific detailed focus on DES and Sexuality, Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation, begun in the 1990s are also available. My comprehensive resource guide to research on human sexuality and gender identity is available separately.


2020-2025 Publications

• {NEW} Endocrine Disruptors and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review (2025), by Marta Lopez-Garcia, et al., published in Archives of Medical Research
  
  
• {NEW} In utero Exposure to Synthetic Sex Hormones and their Multigenerational Impact on Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Endocrine Disruptors as Neuroendocrine Disruptors (2025), by Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard, Laura Gaspari, & Charles Sultan, published in the Journal of Neurological Sciences
  
  
• {NEW} Communication Disruption in the Nervous System (2025), by Robert Barouki, et al., published in Toxicology of Biological Communication: Lessons from Endocrine Disruptors and the Exposome (authors: Robert Barouki, Xavier Coumoul , Etienne Blanc)
  
  
• ** {NEW} Gender Identity Disorders: A Legacy of Fetal Exposition to Diethylstilbestrol, an Endocrine Disruptor Chemical (2025), by Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard, Laura Gaspari, & Charles Sultan, published in The European Society of Medicine Medical Research Archives 
  
  
• ** {NEW} Early Female Transgender Identity after Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Report from a French National Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Cohort (2024), by Laura Gaspari, Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard, Scott Kerlin, Francoise Paris, and Charles Sullivan, published in the Journal of Xenobiotics
  
  
• Prenatal Environmental Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder and their Potential Mechanisms (2024), by Chloe Love, et al., published in BMC Medicine (full-text)
  
  
• Dirty Minds: How Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and Other Pollutants Affect the Neuroendocrinology of Behavior and Emotions (2024), by Heather B. Patisaul, published in the textbook Neuroendocrinology of Behavior and Emotions: Environmental and Social Factors Affecting Behavior
  
  
• Endocrine Disruptors and Male Sexual Health (2024), by Vadim Osadchiy, et al., published in The Journal of Sexual Health
  
  
• Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Synthetic Sex Hormones on Neurodevelopment: A Biological Mechanism (2023), by Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard, et al., published in Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (full-text)
  
  
• Birth Outcomes in DES Children and Grandchildren: A Multigenerational National Cohort Study on Informative Families (2023), by Laura Gaspari, et al., published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (full-text)
  
  
• New Insights from the Last decade of Research in Psychiatric Genetics: Discoveries, Challenges and Clinical Implications (2023), by Ole A. Andraesson, et al.,published in the journal World Psychiatry (full-text)
  
  
• Early-life Exposure to Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals and Autistic Traits in Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies (2023), by Yandra Giovanna de Oliveira Cunha, et al., published in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and implications for neurodevelopment (2023), by Fatih Özel, Joëlle Rüegg, published in the journal Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology (full-text)
  
  
• Editorial: Endocrinological Factors for Autism: Prenatal Biomarkers, Early Diagnosis and Symptom Treatment (2023), by Yujie Liang, et al., published in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Editorial: The commonality in converged pathways and mechanisms underpinning neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (2023), by Qijian Deng, et al., published in the journal Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (full-text)
  
  
• Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Disease Endpoints (2023), by Changwhan Ahn and Eui-Bae Jeung, published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences
  
  
• Sex and Gender in Neurodevelopmental Conditions (2023), by Sven Bölte, et al., published in Nature Reviews: Neurology
  
  
• Organizational Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Human Sexual Orientation (2023), by Ashlyn Swift-Gallant, et al., published in Adaptive Human Behavior & Physiology
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol and Autism (2022), by M O Soyer-Gobillard, et. al, published in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Impact of Endocrine Disruptors upon Non-Genetic Inheritance (2022), by Debbie Montjean, et al, published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (full-text)
  
  
• In utero exposure to endocrine disruptors and developmental neurotoxicity: Implications for behavioural and neurological disorders in adult life (2022), by Glancis Luzeena Raja, et al., published in the journal Environmental Research (full-text)
  
  
• Exposition au Distilbène® in utero: effets transgénérationnels (2022), by Sylvie Epelboin, published in the journal Médecine de la Reproduction
  
  
• Differences/Disorders of Sex Development: Medical Conditions at the Intersection of Sex and Gender (2022), by David E. Sandberg & Melissa Gardner, published in the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
  
  
• Chapter 34–Prenatal Exposure to Progestins: Impact on Neurodevelopment of the Child (2021), by M.-O Soyer-Gobillard, et al., published in the textbook Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment (pages 395-408)
  
  
• The Prenatal Hormone Milieu in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021), by Whitney Worsham, et al., published in the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry (full-text)
  
  
• Beyond Genes: Germline Disruption in the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2021), by Jill Escher, et al., published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (full-text)
  
  
• How Family Histories can Inform Research about Germ Cell Exposures: The Example of Autism (2021), by Jill Escher, published in the journal Biology of Reproduction (full-text)
  
  
• In Utero Immune Programming of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (2021), by Sukanta Jash, PhD and Surendra Sharma, published in the journal Human Immunology
  
  
• Chapter 10 – Endocrine Disruption and Male Reproductive Health (2021), by Philippa D. Darbre, published in the textbook Endocrine Disruption and Human Health, 2nd edition
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol and Multigenerational Psychiatric Disorders: An Informative Family (2021), by Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard, et. al, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (full-text)
  
  
• Consequences of In Utero Exposure to Synthetic Estrogens and Progestogens for Children and Grandchildren (2021), by Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard, et. al, published in the International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports (full-text pdf format)
  
  
• The “DES Syndrome”: A Prototype of Human Teratogenesis and Tumourigenisis by Xenoestrogens? (2021), by J.L Bernheim, from the textbook Endocrine Disrupters: Environmental Health and Policies
  
  
• Xenoestrogens Impact Brain Estrogen Receptor Signaling during the Female Lifespan: A Precursor to Neurological Disease? (2021), by Varun Reddy, et al., published in the journal Neurobiology of Disease
  
  
• REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY: Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Disorders: Impacts on Sexually Dimorphic Neuroendocrine Pathways (2021), by Heather B Patisaul, published in the journal Reproduction
  
  
• The Role of Epigenetics in Psychosis (2021), by Esmaeil Shahsavand Ananloo, published in the textbook Psychosis – Phenomenology, Psychopathology and Pathophysiology (ed, Kenjiro Fukao)
  
  
• Major Depressive Disorder: Existing Hypotheses about Pathophysiological Mechanisms and New Genetic Findings (2021), by Muhammad Kamran, et al., published in the journal Genes (full-text)
  
  
• Endocrine Disruptors also Function as Nervous Disruptors and Can be Renamed Endocrine and Nervous Disruptors (ENDs) (2021), by Gilles-Eric Seralini & Gerald Jungers, published in the journal Toxicology Reports (full-text)
  
  
• Chapter 31 – Sexual Differentiation of the Human Hypothalamus: Relationship to Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation (2021), by Dick Swaab et.al, published in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology (abstract)
  
  
• Systematic Review of Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring (2021), by Salvador Mari-Bauser, et al., published in the journal Autism (full-text)
  
  
• Chapter 21 – Sex Differences in Stress-related Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (2020), by Dick F. Swaab, published in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology (abstract
  
  
• Prenatal Sex Hormones and Behavioral Outcomes in Children (2020), by Drew B. Day, et al., published in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Oestrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in the Placenta and the Fetus (2020), by Zi-Run Tang, et al., published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (full-text)
  
  
• Foetal Oestrogens and Autism (2020), by Simon Baron-Cohen, et al., published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry (abstract only)
  
  
• Endocrine Insights into the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2020), by Hayley A. Wilson, et al., published in the journal The Neuroscientist (abstract)
  
  
• Endocrinological Abnormalities in Autism (2020), by Francesco De Luca, published in the journal Seminars in Pediatric Neurology (abstract)
  
  
• Association of Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals During Adolescence With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder–Related Behaviors (2020), by Jessica R. Shoaff, et al., published in JAMA Network Open
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Their Effect on Health Later in Life (2020), by Elin Engdahl & Joëlle Rüegg, published in the textbook Beyond Our Genes: Pathophysiology of Gene and Environment Interaction and Epigenetic Inheritance
  
  
• Etiology of Gender Dysphoria (2020), by Randi Ettner, from the textbook Gender Confirmation Surgery
  
  
• Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Identity in Women and Men Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (2020), by Rebecca Troisi, et. al, published in the journal Archives of Sexual Behavior (full-text)
  
  
  2015-2019 Publications
  
  
• All in the Family: What Multigenerational Cohorts are Revealing about Potential Environmental Impacts on Neurodevelopment (2019), by Lindsey Konkel, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives (full-text)
  
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Risk of Depression in Women and Men (2019), by Linda Titus, et. al, published in the journal Epidemiology (full-text)
  
  
• All in the Family: What Multigenerational Cohorts are Revealing about Potential Environmental Impacts on Neurodevelopment (2019), by Lindsey Konkel, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives (full-text)
  
  
• Perinatal Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors in the Emergence of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review (2019), by Fabrice Rivollier, et al., published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (full-text)
  
  
• Foetal Oestrogens and Autism (2019), by Simon Baron-Cohen, et al., published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry (abstract)
  
  
• In-utero and perinatal influences on suicide risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2019), by Massimiliano Orri, PhD, et al., published in the journal The Lancet: Psychiatry
  
  
• Epigenetics, Gender, and Sex in the Diagnosis of Depression (2019), by Lewis Mehl-Madrona, et al., published in the journal Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews (full-text)
  
  
• The Human Hypothalamus in Mood Disorders: The HPA Axis in the Center (2019), by Ai-Min Bao & Dick F. Swaab, published in IBRO Reports (abstract)
  
  
• In-utero and Perinatal Influences on Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2019), by Massimiliano Ori, et al., published in the journal The Lancet: Psychiatry
  
  
• Neurodevelopmental disorders in children exposed in utero to synthetic progestins: analysis from the national cohort of the Hhorages Association* (2019), by Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard, et al., published in the journal Gynecological Endocrinology
  
  
• Psychosexual Aspects, Effects of Prenatal Androgen Exposure, and Gender Change in 46,XY Disorders of Sex Development (2019), by Rafael Loch Batista, et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (full-text)
  
  
• A Novel MBD5 Mutation in an Intellectually Disabled Adult Female Patient with Epilepsy: Suggestive of Early Onset Dementia? (2019), by Willem Verhoeven, et. al, published in the journal Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine (full-text)
  
  
• Association of Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol During Pregnancy with Multigenerational Neurodevelopmental Deficits (2018), by Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou, et. al, published in JAMA Pediatrics (full-text)
  
  
• Endocrine Disruptors and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Pregnancy: A Review and Evaluation of the Quality of the Epidemiological Evidence (2018), by Salvador Mari-Bauset, et. al, published in the journal Children (full-text)
  
  
• Grandmaternal Diethylstilbestrol and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity in Children –Reply (2018), by Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou & Marc G. Weisskopf, published in JAMA Pediatrics (abstract only)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol Exposure in Pregnancy Linked to Multigenerational Neurodevelopmental Deficits (2018), by Karen Rosenberg, published in the American Journal of Nursing (Abstract only)
  
  
• Evidence for Link between Mental Disorders and in utero Exposure to Synthetic Hormones: A Long and Crucial History (2018), by M O Soyer-Gobillard, et. al, published in the open text Mental Disorders (same authors)
  
  
• Are endocrine disrupting compounds environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder? (2018), by Amer Moosa, et al., published in the journal Hormones & Behavior
  
  
• Impact of Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) on Psychological Outcome: A National Survey of DES Daughters and Unexposed Controls (2017), by Helene Verdoux, et. al, published in the Archives of Women’s Mental Health (abstract only)
  
  
• Methylomic Changes in Individuals with Psychosis, Prenatally Exposed to Endocrine Disrupting Compounds: Lessons from Diethylstilbestrol (2017), by Fabrice Rivollier, et. al, published in the journal PLoS One (full-text)
  
  
• Methylomic Changes in Individuals Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (2017), by F. Rivollier, et al., published in the journal European Psychiatry (abstract only)
  
  
• Transgender Associations and Possible Etiology: A Literature Review (2017), by Fatima Saleem & Syed W Rizvi, published in the journal Cureus: Journal of Medical Science
  
  
• Perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors: sex, timing and behavioral endpoints (2017), by Paola Palanza, et al., published in Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
  
  
• DES Exposure and Third Generation Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2016), by Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou, et. al, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives (full-text)
  
  
• Neurotoxins and Neurodevelopment (2016), by Cynthia A. Riccio, et al., published in the textbook Pediatric Neurotoxicology, Cynthia A. Riccio & Jeremy Sullivan (eds) (abstract)
  
  
• Effects of Diethylstilbestrol Exposure During Gestation on both Maternal and Offspring Behavior (2015), by Kazuya Tomihara, et. al, published in the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience
  
  
• Association Between Fetal DES-exposure and Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescence/adulthood: Evidence from a French Cohort of 1002 Prenatally Exposed Children (2015), published in the journal Gynecological Endocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors and neurodevelopmental risk: a study of diethylstilbestrol-exposed siblings (2015), by Fabrice Rivollier, published in Human Medicine and Pathology
  
  
• Elucidating the Links Between Endocrine Disruptors and Neurodevelopment (2015), by Thaddeus T. Schug, et al., published in the journal Endocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Gender development and sexuality in disorders of sex development (2015), by SA Berenbaum & HF Meyer-Bahlburg, published in the journal Hormone and Metabolic Research
  
  
  2000-2014 Publications
  
  
• Gender Dysphoria and Disorders of Sex Development: Progress in Care and Knowledge (2014), by Baudewijntje P.C. Kreukels, et al., published textbook associated with the Focus on Sexuality series
  
  
• Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Neural Development and the Onset of Neurological Disorders (2013), by Małgorzata Kajta & Anna K. Wójtowicz, published in the journal Pharmacological Reports (abstract)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol and Risk of Psychiatric Disorders: A Critical Review and New Insights (2012), by O Kebir & MO Krebs, published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
  
  
• Behavioral and Somatic Disorders in Children Exposed in utero to Synthetic Hormones: A Testimony-case Study in a French Family Troop (2012), by Marie-Odile Soyer Gobillard & Charles Sultan, from the textbook State of the Art of Therapeutic Endocrinology, Sameh Magdeldin, ed.)
  
  
• Sexual Differentiation of the Human Brain: Relation to Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (2011), published in the journal Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (abstract)
  
  
• Prenatal Endocrine Influences on Sexual Orientation and on Sexually Differentiated Childhood Behavior (2011), by Melissa Hines, published in the journal Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (full-text)
  
  
• Association of Increased Prenatal Estrogen With Risk Factors for Schizophrenia (2011), by James S. Brown, published in the journal Schizophrenia Bulletin (full-text)
  
  
• Endocrine disruptors and effects on behavioral disorders : No, we have not as yet learnt all our lessons concerning the DES story (2011), by M.-O. Soyer-Gobillard, published in Medicine & Longevity
  
  
• Association of Increased Prenatal Estrogen with Risk Factors for Schizophrenia (2010), by James S. Brown, published in the journal Schizophrenia Bulletin (full-text)
  
  
• Diethylstilbestrol Exposure in Utero and Depression in Women (2010), by Eilis J. O’Reilly, et. al, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (full-text)
  
  
• Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation (2010), by Ivanka Savic, et al., published in Progress in Brain Research
  
  
• Long-term Effects of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors on Reproductive Physiology and Behavior (2009), by Heather B. Patisaul & Heather B.
  Adewale, published in the journal Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (full-text)
  
  
• Effects of Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Medication During Pregnancy: Report from the Symposium at the 10th International Congress of ISPOG (2009), by I Palmlund, et al., published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology (abstract only)
  
  
• Serious Psychiatric Outcome of Subjects Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilboestrol in the E3N Cohort Study (2007), by Helene Verdoux, et. al, published in the journal Psychological Medicine (full-text)
  
  
• Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior (2007), by Dick F. Swaab,published in Best Practice & Research, Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (abstract)
  
  
• The control of sexual differentiation of the reproductive system and brain (2007), by C A Wilson & D C Davies, published in Reproduction
  
  
• Physical and Psychological Problems Associated with Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES), by Edward J. Saunders (2006), published in the journal Psychiatric Services
  
  
• Are EDCs Blurring Issues of Gender? (2005), by Ernie Hood, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives
  
  
• Prenatal Sex Hormone Effects on Child and Adult Sex-typed Behavior: Methods and Findings (2005), by Celina CC Cohen-Bendahan, et. al, published in the journal Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (partial text)
  
  
• Psychosexual Characteristics of Men and Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (2003), by Linda Titus-Ernstoff, et al., published in the journal Epidemiology
  
  
• Long-term Psychiatric and Behavioural Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Psychoactive Drugs (2002), by Helene Verdoux, published in the journal Therapie (abstract only)
  
  
  
• A Focus Group Study of DES Daughters: Implications for Health Care Providers (2000), by Suzanne S. Duke, et al., published in the journal Psycho-Oncology (abstract only)
  
  
• Does Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) have Psychiatric Consequences? (2000), by Helene Verdoux, published in the journal Annales Medico-Psychologiques, Vol 158 (2), p. 105-117 (Abstract only)
  
  
• Language Lateralization and Handedness in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES), (2000), by Laurel L. Smith & Melissa Hines, published in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology
  
  1990s Publications
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Effects on Behavioral Development (1999), by P. Palanza, et al., published in the journal Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (full-text)
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol and the Mother-Daughter Relationship (1996), by F. Cahen, E. Dubreuil, & J.D. Pons, published in the European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology (abstract only)
  
  
• Gender-Identity, Body-Experience, Sexuality, and the Wish for Having Children in DES-Daughters (1996), by Marrie Bekker, et. al, published in the journal Women & Health (abstract only)
  
  
• DES Awareness and Exposure: The 1994 California Behavioral Risk Factor Survey (1996), by Deborah L. Wingard, et al., published in the American Journal of Preventative Medicine (abstract)
  
  
• Sexual Differentiation of Cognitive Abilities in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Prenatally (1996), by Melissa Hines & Eugene C. Sandberg, published in the journal Hormones and Behavior (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Estrogens and the Development of Homosexual Orientation (1995), by HFL Meyer-Bahlburg, et. al, published in the journal Developmental Psychology (abstract only)
  
  
• Psychopathology and Social Functioning in Men Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (1993), by Richard C. Pillard, et. al, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine
  
  
• Gender-related Behavior Development in Females Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in Utero: An Attempted Replication (1991), by Jennifer D. Lish, et. al, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (abstract only)
  
  
• Increased risk of profound weight loss among women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero (1991), by Carl R. Gustavson, et al., published in the journal Behavioral and Neural Biology
  
  
  1970s-1980s Publications
  
  
• The Development of Gender-Related Behavior in Females Following Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES), (1989), by Anke A. Ehrhardt, et. al, published in the journal Hormones & Behavior (abstract only)
  
  
• The Psychological Impact of Prenatal DES Exposure in Women: A Comparison of Short-term and Long-term Effects (1988), by M. Cloitre, et. al, published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology (full-text)
  
  
• Physical and Psychological Problems Associated with Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (1988), by E J Saunders, published in the journal Psychiatric Services (abstract only)
  
  
• An Examination of the Psychological Well Being of DES Daughters and their Mothers (1988), by Donna Mae Winchell, unpublished PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University Department of Health Education
  
  
• BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Psychosis and Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (1987), by David L. Katz, et. al, published in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (abstract only)
  
  
• Depression and Diethylstilbestrol Exposure in Women (1987), by M. Fried-Cassorla, et. al, published in The Journal of Reproductive Medicine (abstract)
  
  
• The Psychological Impact of Prenatal DES Exposure in Women: A Comparison of Short-term Effects (1987), by M. Cloitre, et. al, published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology
  
  
• Psychopathology in Prenatally DES-Exposed Females: Current and Lifetime Adjustment (1987), by A A Ehrhardt, et. al, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine
  
  
• A Report of One Family with Four Autistic Siblings and Four Families with Three Autistic Siblings (1987), by Edward R. Ritvo, et. al, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
  
  
• Long-term Mental Health Effects of Prenatal DES Exposure (1986), by Anke A. Ehrhardt, published in the National Institutes of Health Research Digest (abstract only)
  
  
• Long-term Distress Subsequent to Pregnancy Drug Administration: Women with in utero Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposed Daughters (1985), by Elane Gutterman, et. al, published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology (abstract only)
  
  
• Sexual Activity Level and Sexual Functioning in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (1985), by H.F. Meyer-Bahlburg, et al., published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine (abstract only)
  
  
• Physical and Psychological Effects of DES on Exposed Offspring (1985), by Arlene M. Konicki, published in the journal Cancer Nursing (abstract only)
  
  
• Long-term Effects of Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (1985), by D.L. Wingard & J Turiel, published in the Western Journal of Medicine (abstract only)
  
  
• Vulnerability to Stress among Women with in utero Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposed Daughters (1985), by Elane M. Gutterman, et al, published in the Journal of Human Stress (abstract only)
  
  
• Sexual Orientation after Prenatal Exposure to Exogenous Estrogen (1985), by Anke A. Ehrhardt, et. al, published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior (abstract only)
  
• Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure: Behavioral Consequences in Humans (1985), by H F L Meyer-Bahlburg & Anke A Ehrhardt, published in the journal Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience (abstract only)
  
  
• Sexual Activity Level and Sexual Functioning in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (1985), by H F L Meyer-Bahlburg, et. al, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine (abstract only)
  
  
• Self-Concept in the Diethylstilbestrol Daughter (1984), by Mary-Ann Shafer, et. al, published in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the Development of Sexually Dimorphic Cognitive Abilities and Cerebral Lateralization (1984), by Melissa Hines & Carl Shipley, published in the journal Developmental Psychology (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Gonadal Steroidal Influences on Gender-related Behavior (1984), by JM Reinisch & SA Sanders, published in the journal Progress in Brain Research (abstract only)
  
  
• A randomized double-blind controlled trial of the value of stilboestrol therapy in pregnancy: long-term follow-up of mothers and their offspring (1983), by MP Vessey, et al., published in the journal BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  
  
• Observations on the Psychological Impact of Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Suggestions on Management (1980), by L. Burke, et. al, published in The Journal of Reproductive Medicine (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal ‘Female Hormone’ Administration and Pschosexual Development in Human Males (1980), by Patricia Kester, et al, published in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology (abstract only)
  
  
• Psychological Effects of Diethylstilbestrol Exposure (1977), by RW Schwartz & NB Stewart, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) (abstract only)
  
  
• Prenatal Exposure to Female Hormones: Effect on Psychosexual Development in Boys (1973), by Irvin D. Yalom, et. al, published in the Archives of General Psychiatry (abstract only)
  
  
• Masculinization of the Female Infant Associated with Estrogenic Therapy Alone During Gestation: Four Cases (1960), by A M Bongiovanni, et. al, published in the journal Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey (abstract only)
  
  
• Male Pseudohermaphrodism–Report of a Case, with Observations on Pathogenesis (1959), by Norman M. Kaplan, published in the New England Journal of Medicine (abstract only)